TOXINS, WHERE DO HEAVY
METALS COME FROM?
Another category
of minerals in human health is the heavy metal category. This category
consists of minerals that are toxic to the body such as lead, mercury,
aluminum, cadmium, and nickel. Most of the heavy metals in the body
are result of environmental contamination due to industry. In the
United States alone, lead from industrial sources are leaded gasoline
contribute more than 600,000 tons of the lead being dumped into the
atmosphere to be inhaled or-after being deposited on food crops, in
fresh water, and soil-to be ingested. Other common sources of heavy
metals include: lead from the solder in tin cans, pesticide sprays,
and cooking utensils; cadmium and lead from cigarette smoke; mercury
from dental fillings, contaminated fish, and cosmetics; and aluminum
from antacids and cookware. Some professions with extremely high exposure
include: battery makers, gasoline station attendants, printers, roofers,
solders, dentists, and jewelers.
WHAT ARE THE
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HEAVY METAL TOXICITY?
Early signs of
heavy metal poisoning are usually vaque, often depending upon the
level of toxicity. Toxins tend to accumulate within the brain, kidneys,
immune system, and other body tissues where they can severely disrupt
normal function. Mild cases of toxicity may be associated with headache,
fatigue, and impaired ability to think or concentrate. As toxicity
increases so does the severity of signs and symptoms. A person with
severe toxicity may also experience muscle pains, indigestion, tremors,
constipation, anemia, pallor, dizziness, and poor coordination.
Numerous studies
have demonstrated a strong relationship among intelligence, childhood
learning disabilities, and body stores of lead, aluminum, cadmium,
and mercury. Basically, the higher a childs level of heavy metals,
the lower IQ. The same sort of relationship exists with blood pressure,
as high blood pressure is also associated with higher levels of
lead and other heavy metals. Heavy metals have a very strong affinity
for body tissues composed of fat, like the brain, nerves, and kidneys.
As a result, heavy metals are almost always linked to disturbance
in mood and brain function, as well as neurological problems (including
multiple sclerosis) and high blood pressure (the kidneys regulate
blood pressure).
OCCUPATIONAL
EXPOSURES
Accumulations
of these toxins can occur in the human body in response to occupational
exposures or to environmental exposures from toxic release in air,
soil, or industrial waste streams. Metal refining, alloying, plating
and parts manufacture in the aerospace and machine tool industries,
fabrication of nuclear reactor fuel assemblies, and especially electronics
and computer manufacture are possible sources of exposure. According
to the EPA, the U.S. has the largest electronics (including computer)
workforce in the world. Exposures to the measured elements can occur
in other occupations as well: military or police service (with weapons
use), all types of welding and metal shaping, plumbing, handling and
disposal of wastes, oil refining, petrochemical production, and manufacture
of pigments and coatings.
Evidence suggests
that chronic toxic element exposure can adversely affect respiratory,
renal, cardiac, and immune functions, compromise cognitive and emotional
health, debilitate energy levels, impair neurologic development and
function, trigger reproductive dysfunction, and increase the risk
of cancer and other degenerative conditions. Moreover, as time elapses,
researchers are discovering detrimental health effects of toxic heavy
metals at lower and lower exposure levels, raising the issue of whether
any toxic element in the body is safe.
Walkes MP,
Fox DA, States JC, Patierno SR, McCabe MJ Jr. Metals and disorders
of cell accumulation: modulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation.
Toxicol Sci 2000;56(2):255-61.
Inorganic Carcinogenesis
Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer
Institute at National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Research
Triangle Park, NC, USA.
The review of
the "remarkably adverse effects [of toxic metals], including
carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity", describes
the processes by which toxic exposure and burden can damage the body
at the cellular level. Toxic exposure can both activate the processes
involved in apoptotic cell death and trigger proliferative disease
such as cancer by interfering with normal apotosis. Many interfere
with normal expression and function the tumor suppressor gene, p53.
Although the causes of aberrant apoptosis induced by metals vary widely
and there is likely no unifying mechanism by which different metals
produce this result, knowledge of the mechanisms can lead to important
advances in prevention and treatment. In the course of their discussion
of these processes, the researchers delineate as well the relationships
between toxic metals and specific nutrients.
Barceloux DG.
Cobalt. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999;37(2):201-6.
American Academy
of Clinical Toxicology
More Examples:
Cobalt is a relatively rare magnetic element with properties
similar to iron and nickel. The two valance states are cobaltous (II)
and cobaltic (III) and the former is the most common valance used
in the chemical industry. Cobalt occurs in nature primarily as arsenides,
oxides, and sulfides. Most of the production of cobalt involves the
metallic form used in the formation of cobalt superalloys. The term
"hard metal" refers to compounds containing tungsten carbide
(80-95%) combined with matrices formed from cobalt (5-20%) and nickel
(0-5%). For the general population, the diet is the main source of
exposure to cobalt. In the occupational settings, exposure to cobalt
alone occurs primarily during the production of cobalt powders. In
other industrial exposures (e.g., hard metal, diamond polishing),
additional agents (tungsten) modulate the toxicity of cobalt. Cobalt
is an essential element necessary for the formation of vitamin B12
(hydroxocobalamin); however, excessive administration of this trace
element produces goiter and reduced thyroid activity. In 1966, the
syndrome "beer drinkers cardiomyopathy" appeared in
Quebec City, Canada, and was characterized by pericardial effusion,
elevated hemoglobin concentrations, and congestive heart failure.
An interstitial pulmonary fibrosis has been associated with industrial
exposure to hard metal dust (tunsten and cobalt), but not to cobalt
alone. Exposures to cobalt alone produce an allergic contact dermatitis
and occupational asthma. Treatment of cobalt toxicity is primarily
supportive.Moore D, House I, Dixon A. Thallium poisoning. Diagnosis
may be elusive but alpaca is the clue BMJ 1993;306(6891):1527-9.Poison
Unit, Guys Hospital, London.
Thallium
is a heavy metal whose salts are used in some rodent poisons and in
the manufacturing of optical lenses, semiconductors, scintillation
counters, low temperature thermometers, and switching devices, green
colored fireworks, and imitation jewelry, and as chemical catalysts.
In clinical practice thallium isotopes are used in cardiac scanning.
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